Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

a) theoretical, b) laboratory and c) field

Chapter 7: PHYSICAL FACTORS

Organisms can be divided into two major categories based on their response to variation in temperature

a) warm-blooded and cold-blooded

b) homeotherms and poikilotherms

c) endotherms and ectotherms

Homeothermy and poikilothermy are alternate strategies; major differences

At high temperatures animals die as a result of a) enyzme inactivation b) metabolic inbalance and c) dehydration

freeze-tolerant and freeze-susceptible species.

Environmental temperature varies with a) latitude b) seasonally c) altitude d) local variations =microclimate e) varies with depth in soil and in the oceans.

Other factors affecting the abundance and distribution of species: Relative humidity, pH, Salinity, light etc

Chapter 6: POPULATION ECOLOGY

a) the density of the population- the number of individuals per unit of area or per unit volume.

b) age structure of the population -the relative proportions of individuals of each age

c) the sex ratio of the population

d) the size of the population

e) the four parameters that affect the size of the population: births, deaths, immigration and emigration.

A) Measure absolute density

A quadrat is a four sized figured, but in practice it applies to any sampling unit, circular, hexagonal or irregular in outline.

a) the edge effect is minimal in a circular quadrat and maximal in a rectangular one.

B) Measure relative density

Types of life tables

a) cohort life tables (age specific) b) static life tables (time-specific).

x = age interval (years, days, months, or hours depending on species)

nx = number of survivors at start of age interval x

lx = proportion of organisms surviving at start of age interval x

dx = number dying during the age interval x to x+1

qx = mortality rate during the age interval x to x+1

ex = life expectation, the average time left to an individual at the beginning of the interval x

Lx = the number of individuals alive in each age interval

Fx = the total number of eggs deposited during each stage

mx = the mean number of eggs produced per surviving individual.

Ro = the reproductive rate

How does Population Growth occur?

a) exponential population growth

b) logistic population growth

Carrying capacity and biotic potential

annuals, semelparity,example the octopus, overlapping semelparity example clover,

continuous breeding with overlapping generations=continuous iteroparity, example some corals, temperate region birds and trees;

continuous iteroparity=humans,

Liebig's law of the minimum, the population size of a species is constrained by what ever resource is in shortest supply

a) does'nt apply when limiting factors fluctuate

b) Liebig's law assumes no interactions among factors, for example, the equation neglects the possibility that changes in water supply may affect food supply through irrigation.

c) Liebig's law assumes that adaptive responses will not alter requirements or resources during the time of interest.

The Malthus-Condorcet model is identical to the logistic equation except that the constant K is replaced by a variable carrrying capacity Kt and a new parameter c is introduced into the equation.

In Malthus-Condorcet model population size changes in one of three distinct ways

a) faster than exponentially b) exponentially c) logistically

Note: consult the following refererence: Cohen, J. E. 1995. Population growth and earth's Human carrying capacity. Science 269: 341-346.