Curriculum Vitae

Bruce A. Schulte

Associate Professor

Education (return to top)

Postdoctoral Fellow, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland. Research on chemical communication and social behavior of captive Asian elephants.

Ph.D. in Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse. Thesis on chemical communication and ecology of the North American beaver.

M.S. in Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Thesis on allelopathy and chemical defense against predators by tropical marine sponges.

B.S. in Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Seniors honors thesis on foraging strategies of dragonfly nymphs, Anax junius.

Academic Positions (return to top)

Associate Professor of Biology (2003-present) Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.

Assistant and Tenured Professor of Biology (1999-2003) Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.

Associate and Tenured Professor of Biology (1998-1999) Providence College, Providence, RI.

Assistant Professor of Biology (1994-1998), Providence College.

Teaching Experience and Expertise (return to top)

My teaching philosophy rests on a foundation of critical thinking accompanied by cooperative learning. In all of my courses I emphasize interaction, discussion and personal involvement through independent experimental research or, in non-laboratory courses, library-based research papers. The manuscripts produced by students in my upper level classes are published in-house as a journal. The journal format not only entices students to produce a high-quality product, but the journal provides them with a physical manifestation of their efforts. Such materials can be useful accompaniments on interviews for post-graduate education or employment.

Courses include:
Animal Behavior, Behavioral Ecology, Ecology, Environmental Biology and General Biology

Publications (return to top)

Loizi, H., M. Correll, A. Gray, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. 2004. A Study of Chemotactile Behaviors by Male and Female African Elephants in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. In: The Proceedings of the Symposium on Human-Elephant Relationships and Conflicts (Jayantha Jayewardene, ed.). Colombo, Sri Lanka. International Elephant Foundation & Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust. In press.

Schulte, B.A., K. Bagley, M. Correll, A. Gray, S.M. Heineman, H. Loizi, M. Malament, N.L. Scott, B.E. Slade, L. Stanley, T.E. Goodwin & L.E.L. Rasmussen. 2004. Assessing chemical communication in elephants. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates X (R.T. Mason, M.P. LeMaster and D. Müller-Schwarze, eds.). Kluwer-Academic Plenum Press, NY. In press.

Goodwin, T.E., L. E. L. Rasmussen, B.A. Schulte, P.A. Brown, B.L. Davis, W. M. Dill, N.C. Dowdy, A.R. Hicks, R.G. Morshedi, D. Mwanza, and H. Loizi. 2004. Chemical analysis of preovulatory female african elephant urine: A search for putative pheromones. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates X ( R.T. Mason, M.P. LeMaster and D. Müller-Schwarze, eds.). Kluwer-Academic Plenum Press, NY. In press.

Schulte, Bruce A., and Frank Rosell. 2003. "Beavers." In Mammals V. Vol. 16 of Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, edited by Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist, Michael Hutchins, and Melissa C. McDade, 16:177-184. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group.

Slade, B. E., Schulte, B.A. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2003. Oestrous state dynamics in chemical communication by captive female Asian elephants. Anim. Behav., 65:813-819.

Schulte, B.A. 2003. Scientific writing and the scientific method: parallel structure in form and content. Am. Biol. Teacher 65(8):582-585.

Schulte, B.A. 2000. Social structure and helping behavior in captive elephants. Zoo Biology, 19: 447-459.

Schulte, B.A., Feldman, E., Lambert, R., Oliver, R. & Hess, D.L. 2000. Temporary ovarian inactivity in elephants: relationship to status and time outside. Physiology & Behavior, 71:123-131.

Sun, L., Müller-Schwarze, D. & Schulte, B.A. 2000. Dispersal pattern and effective population size of the beaver, Castor canadensis. Can. J. Zool., 78:1-6.

Schulte, B.A. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Signal-receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants. Animal Behaviour 57:1265-1274.

Schulte, B.A. and Müller-Schwarze, D. 1999. Understanding North American beaver behavior as an aid to management. In: Beaver Protection, Management, and Utilization in Europe and North America (P.E. Busher and R.M. Dziecidowski, eds.), pp. 109-127. Plenum Press, NY.

Müller-Schwarze, D and Schulte, B.A. 1999. Characteristics of a "climax" population of beaver (Castor canadensis). In: Beaver Protection, Management, and Utilization in Europe and North America (P.E. Busher and R.M. Dziecidowski, eds.), pp. . Plenum Press, NY.

Schulte, B.A. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Musth, sexual selection, testosterone and metabolites. In: Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates (R. E. Johnston, D. Müller-Schwarze, and P. Sorensen, eds.), pp. 383-397. Plenum Press, NY.

Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Schulte, B.A. 1999. Ecological and biochemical constraints on pheromonal signaling systems in Asian elephants and their evolutionary implications. In: Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates (R. E. Johnston, D. Müller-Schwarze, and P. Sorensen, eds.), pp. 49-62. Plenum Press, NY.

Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Schulte, B.A. 1998. Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian and African elephants. Animal Reproduction Science 53:19-34.

Schulte, B.A. 1998. Scent marking and responses to male castor fluid by beavers. Journal of Mammalogy 79(1): 191-203.

Schulte, B. 1998. The benefits of behavioral research to elephants and people. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 9(3): 216-221.

Schulte, B. and B. Rasmussen. 1996. Conservation and management of elephants: a symposium. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 12-14.

Rasmussen, B. and B. Schulte. 1996. A medley of chemical signals. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 61-64.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D., Tang, R. and Webster, F.X. 1995. Bioactivity of beaver castoreum constituents using principal components analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 21(7): 941-957.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D. and Sun, L. 1995. Using anal gland secretion to determine sex in beaver. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(3): 614-618.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D., Tang, R. and Webster, F.X. 1994. Responses by beaver (Castor canadensis) to major phenolic and neutral compounds in castoreum. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20 (12): 3063-3081.

Müller-Schwarze, D., Schulte, B.A., Sun, L., Müller-Schwarze, A. and Müller-Schwarze, C. 1994. Beaver (Castor canadensis) and Red Maple (Acer rubrum). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20:2021-2034.

Schulte, B.A. 1993. Chemical Communication and Ecology of the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). Ph.D. Thesis.

Bakus, G.J., Wright, M., Schulte, B., Mofidi, F., Yazdandoust, M., Naqvi, W., Jagtap, T., Goes, J. and Naik, C. 1994. Coral Reef Ecosystems. Oxford and IBH Publ. New Delhi. 232 pp.

Schulte, B.A. and Bakus, G.J. 1992. Predation deterrence in marine sponges: Laboratory versus field studies. Bulletin of Marine Science 50 (1): 205-211.

Schulte, B.A., de Nys, R., Bakus, G.J., Crews, P., Eid, C., Naylor, S. and Manes, L.V. 1991. A modified allomone collecting apparatus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17: 1327-1332.

Bakus, G.J., Schulte, B., Jhu, S., Wright, M., Green, G. and Gomez, P. 1990. Antibiosis and antifouling in marine sponges: laboratory vs. field studies. Pp. 102-108 in: New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Proc. 3rd Int. Sponge Conf. (K. Ruetzler, ed.). WHOI, Woods Hole, MA.

Bakus, G.J., Targett, N. and Schulte, B. 1986. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: an overview. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12 (5): 951-987.

Zimmerman, M., Cibula, D.A. and Schulte, B. 1984. Oviposition behavior of Hylemya (Delia) sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae): Sub-optimal host plant choice? Environmental Entomology 13(3): 696-700.

Papers presented (1997 - January 2004) (return to top)

Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB), New Orleans, Louisiana (Jan 2004):

Gray, A., Loizi, H., Correll, M., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. Social group association patterns by young male and female African elephants. [Undergraduate student presenter]

15th Biennial Conference, Biology of Marine Mammals, Greensboro, NC (December 2003):

Schulte, B.A. & J.S.Young. Captive Manatee Activity and Social Behavior: Considerations for Rehabilitation. [Graduate student, completed]

Horikoshi, C., I. Larkin & B.A. Schulte. Estrous cycle and behavior of the female Florida manatee. [Graduate student & Collaborator]

International Elephant Research Symposium, Colombo, Sri Lanka, September 18-21, 2003, Presented by the International Elephant Foundation and the Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust:

Helen Loizi, Maureen Correll, Amy Gray, Thomas Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen and Bruce A. Schulte. The Development of Sexually Dimorphic Chemotactile Behavior in African Elephants.

Chemical Signals in Vertebrates X, Corvallis, Oregon, July 29-August 1, 2003:

Schulte, B.A., Kathryn Bagley, Maureen Correll, Amy Gray, Sarah M. Heineman, Helen Loizi, Michelle Malament, Nancy L. Scott, Barbara E. Slade, Lauren Stanley, Thomas E. Goodwin, and L.E.L. Rasmussen. Assessing chemical communication in elephants.

International Elephant Research Symposium, Orlando, Florida November 22-24, 2002:

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E., Loizi, H. Harralson, S. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2002. Estrous State Dynamics in Communication by Captive Female Asian Elephants.
Loizi, H., Goodwin, T., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. Search for the African Elephant Estrous Pheromone: Communication and Conservation.

Animal Behavior Society, Indiana University, July.

Young, J.S. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. A comparison of Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) activity and social interactions in different captive environments.

Florida Marine Mammal Health Conference, Gainesville, FL (April)

Young, J.S. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. A comparison of manatee behavior in different captive environments.

Zoos and Aquariums: Committing to Conservation Conference, Cocoa Beach, FL (Nov):

Schulte, B.A. & Young, J. 2001. Social and foraging behavior of captive and wild Florida manatees.
Schulte, B.A. & Loizi, H. 2001. Understanding elephant demographics and behavior as an aid to resolving elephant-human conflicts.

International Elephant and Rhinoceros Research Symposium, Vienna, Austria (June):

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E. And Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2001. The trunk and tail of elephant communication: studies on captive Asian elephants.
Schulte, B.A. 2001. Examining ideas on the evolution of musth.
Bane, K. & Schulte, B.A. 2001. Object manipulation in captive Asian elephants.

Eighth International Theriological (Mammal) Congress, Sun City, South Africa, invited speaker to two symposia, the first on chemical signals and the second on elephant biology (Aug):

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E. and Rasmussen, L.E.L 2001. Estrous state influences on behavior in female Asian elephants.
Schulte, B.A. 2001. Proboscidean musth: has sexual selection created a unique rut?

Georgia Academy of Sciences, Brunswick, GA.

Young, J. and Schulte, B.A. 2001. Activity levels over feeding periods by captive Florida manatees.

Animal Behavior Society, Morehouse College, GA.

Schulte, B.A., Lambert, R., Feldman, E., Oliver, R. & Hess, D.L. 2000. Influence of status and time outside on estrous cyclicity in captive elephants.

Society for Conservation Biology, Univ. MT, Missoula.

Schulte, B.A. & Müller-Schwarze, D. 2000. Reversing extinction by reconciling coexistence with a habitat restorer.

Animal Behavior Society, Bucknell University, PA.

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Estrus influences on signal sending and assessment by Asian elephants.

Fourth International Elephant Research Symposium, Atlanta, GA.

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B., Lambert, R. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Comparison of social interactions over estrus in captive African and Asian elephants.

Euro-American Mammal Congress, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Schulte, B.A. and Müller-Schwarze, D. 1998. Understanding North American beaver behavior as an aid to management.

Müller-Schwarze, D. and Schulte, B.A. 1998. Characteristics of a "climax" population of beaver (Castor canadensis).

Third International Elephant Research Symposium, Springfield, MO.

Schulte, B.A. and Feldman, E. 1998. African elephant behavior monitored by keepers and the relationship to progesterone levels.

Northeast Regional Animal Behavior Society Meeting, Woods Hole, MA.

Lambert, R. and Schulte, B.A. 1997. Feeding and social behavior in a group of captive female African elephants.

Schulte, B.A. 1997. Proximate and ultimate aspects of musth.

Second annual Elephant Research Symposium, Pittsburgh Zoo, Pittsburgh, PA.

Schulte, B.A., Burba, D., Feldman, E. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1997. Social behavior, movement, and feeding in a group of captive African elephants.

Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 8, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Schulte, B.A., and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1997. Musth, testosterone and sexual selection.

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