Curriculum Vitae

Director, COUR College of Science & Technology, College Office of Undergraduate Research

Bruce A. Schulte Associate Professor Georgia Southern University

Associate Editor Professional Journal Behaviour

Education (return to top)

Postdoctoral Fellow, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland. Research on chemical communication and social behavior of captive Asian elephants.

Ph.D. in Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse. Thesis on chemical communication and ecology of the North American beaver.

M.S. in Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Thesis on allelopathy and chemical defense against predators by tropical marine sponges.

B.S. in Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Seniors honors thesis on foraging strategies of dragonfly nymphs, Anax junius.

Academic Positions (return to top)

Director, College Office of Undergraduate Research (COUR) in Allen E. Paulson College of Science & Technology (2005-present), Georgia Southern

Associate Professor of Biology (2003-present) Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.

Assistant and Tenured Professor of Biology (1999-2003) Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.

Associate and Tenured Professor of Biology (1998-1999) Providence College, Providence, RI.

Assistant Professor of Biology (1994-1998), Providence College.

Grants & Awards (return to top)

2007 NSF-STEP Grant: Advisement and Scholarship Promoting Inquiry-based Research Experiences in STEM (ASPIRES), Co-PI's: Mary K. Boyd (Lead PI), Amy R. Heaston, Bret S. Danilowicz, Bruce A. Schulte, David R. Stone

2006 International Elephant Foundation, Using Hormone Field Kits to Improve Our Understanding of Ovarian Activity in Free-Living Elephants (Loxodonta africana); Co-PI's: Janine Brown & Elizabeth Freeman

2005 National Fish & Wildlife Centennial Scholarship (lead PI: Ryan Berger), Florida Manatee Population Status, Habitat Use and Social Behavior in the Crystal River Area

2005 The National Science Foundation, RET Award, (co-PI's Dr. Thomas Goodwin and Dr. L.E.L. Rasmussen), High School teacher Juli Sergi worked on the elephant project in Tanzania and developed units for high school science classes.

2003 The State of Florida Marine Mammal Grant, (Co-PI: Dr. Iske Larkin), Monitoring Reproductive Hormones and Social Behavior of Female Florida Manatees in the Crystal River Area

2002 The National Science Foundation, (co-PI's Dr. Thomas Goodwin and Dr. L.E.L. Rasmussen), Development and Identity of Sexually Dimorphic Reproductive Signals and Responses by African Elephants

Awards

2007 Award for Excellence in Service, Georgia Southern University

2007 Allen E. Paulson College of Science & Technology Award for Excellence in Research

2006 Faculty Development for Teaching Award with Dr. Alan Harvey, Georgia Southern University

2004 Award for Excellence in Scholarship, Georgia Southern University

2003 Faculty Research Stipend Award, Georgia Southern University

2001 Summer Faculty Research Award, Georgia Southern University

Teaching Experience and Expertise (return to top)

My teaching philosophy rests on a foundation of critical thinking accompanied by cooperative learning. In all of my courses I emphasize interaction, discussion and personal involvement through independent experimental research or, in non-laboratory courses, library-based research papers. The manuscripts produced by students in my upper level classes are published in-house as a journal. The journal format not only entices students to produce a high-quality product, but the journal provides them with a physical manifestation of their efforts. Such materials can be useful accompaniments on interviews for post-graduate education or employment.

Courses include:
Animal Behavior, Behavioral Ecology, Chemical Ecology, Ecology, Environmental Biology and General Biology

Publications (return to top)

Schulte, B.A., Freeman, E., Goodwin, T.E., Hollister-Smith, J. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2007. Honest signaling through chemicals by elephants with applications for conservation and care. In: Swaisgood, RR (ed.) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, 344-363.

Bagley, K.R., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2006. Male African elephants (Loxodonta africana) can distinguish oestrous status via urinary signals. Animal Behaviour 71, 1439-1445.

Horikoshi-Beckett, C. & Schulte, B.A. 2006. Activity patterns and spatial use of facility by a group of captive female manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Zoo Biology 25, 285-301.

Goodwin, T.K., Eggert, M., House, S.J., Weddell, M.E., Schulte, B.A. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2006. Insect pheromones and precursors in female African elephant urine. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32, 1849-1853.

Vyas, D.K., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2005. Elephant death, possibly by constipation. Pachyderm 39, 93-96.

Harper, J.Y. & Schulte, B.A. 2005. Social Interactions in Captive Female Florida Manatees. Zoo Biology 24, 135-144.

Schulte, B.A., Bagley, K. Correll, M., Gray, A. Heineman, S.M., Loizi, H. Malament, M., Scott, N.L., Slade, B.E., Stanley, L., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2005. Assessing chemical communication in elephants. Pp. 140-151. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 (R.T. Mason, M.P. LeMaster and D. Müller-Schwarze, eds.). Springer Press, NY.

Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L., Schulte, B.A., Brown, P.A., Davis, B.L., Dill, W.M., Dowdy, N.C., Hicks, A.R., Morshedi, R.G., Mwanza, D. & Loizi, H. 2005. Chemical analysis of preovulatory female African elephant urine: A search for putative pheromones. Pp. 128-139. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 ( R.T. Mason, M.P. LeMaster and D. Müller-Schwarze, eds.). Springer Press, NY.

Rosell, F. & Schulte, B.A. 2004. Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) scent gland structure and function. Journal of Mammalogy 85, 1138-1144.

Loizi, H., Correll, M., Gray, A., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2004. A Study of Chemotactile Behaviors by Male and Female African Elephants in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Pp. 55-57. In (ed) Jayewardene, Jayantha. Endangered elephants past, present and future. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Elephant Relationships and Conflicts, Sri Lanka, September 2003. Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust, Colombo. Pages 228.

Schulte, B.A. and Rosell, F. 2003. "Beavers." In Mammals V. Vol. 16 of Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, edited by Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist, Michael Hutchins, and Melissa C. McDade, 16:177-184. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group.

Slade, B. E., Schulte, B.A. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2003. Oestrous state dynamics in chemical communication by captive female Asian elephants. Anim. Behav., 65:813-819.

Schulte, B.A. 2003. Scientific writing and the scientific method: parallel structure in form and content. Am. Biol. Teacher 65(8):582-585.

Schulte, B.A. 2000. Social structure and helping behavior in captive elephants. Zoo Biology, 19: 447-459.

Schulte, B.A., Feldman, E., Lambert, R., Oliver, R. & Hess, D.L. 2000. Temporary ovarian inactivity in elephants: relationship to status and time outside. Physiology & Behavior, 71:123-131.

Sun, L., Müller-Schwarze, D. & Schulte, B.A. 2000. Dispersal pattern and effective population size of the beaver, Castor canadensis. Can. J. Zool., 78:1-6.

Schulte, B.A. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Signal-receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants. Animal Behaviour 57:1265-1274.

Schulte, B.A. and Müller-Schwarze, D. 1999. Understanding North American beaver behavior as an aid to management. In: Beaver Protection, Management, and Utilization in Europe and North America (P.E. Busher and R.M. Dziecidowski, eds.), pp. 109-127. Plenum Press, NY.

Müller-Schwarze, D and Schulte, B.A. 1999. Characteristics of a "climax" population of beaver (Castor canadensis). In: Beaver Protection, Management, and Utilization in Europe and North America (P.E. Busher and R.M. Dziecidowski, eds.), pp. . Plenum Press, NY.

Schulte, B.A. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Musth, sexual selection, testosterone and metabolites. In: Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates (R. E. Johnston, D. Müller-Schwarze, and P. Sorensen, eds.), pp. 383-397. Plenum Press, NY.

Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Schulte, B.A. 1999. Ecological and biochemical constraints on pheromonal signaling systems in Asian elephants and their evolutionary implications. In: Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates (R. E. Johnston, D. Müller-Schwarze, and P. Sorensen, eds.), pp. 49-62. Plenum Press, NY.

Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Schulte, B.A. 1998. Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian and African elephants. Animal Reproduction Science 53:19-34.

Schulte, B.A. 1998. Scent marking and responses to male castor fluid by beavers. Journal of Mammalogy 79(1): 191-203.

Schulte, B. 1998. The benefits of behavioral research to elephants and people. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 9(3): 216-221.

Schulte, B. and B. Rasmussen. 1996. Conservation and management of elephants: a symposium. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 12-14.

Rasmussen, B. and B. Schulte. 1996. A medley of chemical signals. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 61-64.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D., Tang, R. and Webster, F.X. 1995. Bioactivity of beaver castoreum constituents using principal components analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 21(7): 941-957.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D. and Sun, L. 1995. Using anal gland secretion to determine sex in beaver. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(3): 614-618.

Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D., Tang, R. and Webster, F.X. 1994. Responses by beaver (Castor canadensis) to major phenolic and neutral compounds in castoreum. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20 (12): 3063-3081.

Müller-Schwarze, D., Schulte, B.A., Sun, L., Müller-Schwarze, A. and Müller-Schwarze, C. 1994. Beaver (Castor canadensis) and Red Maple (Acer rubrum). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20:2021-2034.

Schulte, B.A. 1993. Chemical Communication and Ecology of the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). Ph.D. Thesis.

Bakus, G.J., Wright, M., Schulte, B., Mofidi, F., Yazdandoust, M., Naqvi, W., Jagtap, T., Goes, J. and Naik, C. 1994. Coral Reef Ecosystems. Oxford and IBH Publ. New Delhi. 232 pp.

Schulte, B.A. and Bakus, G.J. 1992. Predation deterrence in marine sponges: Laboratory versus field studies. Bulletin of Marine Science 50 (1): 205-211.

Schulte, B.A., de Nys, R., Bakus, G.J., Crews, P., Eid, C., Naylor, S. and Manes, L.V. 1991. A modified allomone collecting apparatus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17: 1327-1332.

Bakus, G.J., Schulte, B., Jhu, S., Wright, M., Green, G. and Gomez, P. 1990. Antibiosis and antifouling in marine sponges: laboratory vs. field studies. Pp. 102-108 in: New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Proc. 3rd Int. Sponge Conf. (K. Ruetzler, ed.). WHOI, Woods Hole, MA.

Bakus, G.J., Targett, N. and Schulte, B. 1986. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: an overview. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12 (5): 951-987.

Zimmerman, M., Cibula, D.A. and Schulte, B. 1984. Oviposition behavior of Hylemya (Delia) sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae): Sub-optimal host plant choice? Environmental Entomology 13(3): 696-700.

Special interest group articles, editor-reviewed & book chapters editor reviewed

Schulte, B.A. 2006. Elephant Behavior. Chp 4, in Fowler, M.E. and Mikota, S.K. eds. The Biology, Medicine and Surgery of Elephants. Ames, Iowa, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 35-43.

Schulte, B.A., Napora, E., Vyas, D.K., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2006. African elephant chemical communication and humans in Tanzania. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association (JEMA), 17(1), 28-36.

Vyas, D.K., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2005. African elephant births and post-partum events in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association. 16(3): 30-37.

Schulte, B.A., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Goodwin, T.E. 2005. The secrets in secretions: a search for African elephant pheromones. Pachyderm Periodical 15(2):1-2.

Schulte, B.A. 2005. Review of Pheromones and Animal Behaviour by Tristram Wyatt for Entomological Society of America in American Entomologist.

Schulte, B.A., H. Loizi, K. Bagley, A. Gray, L. Stanley, M. Correll, T.E. Goodwin, P.A. Brown, B.L. Davis, W.M. Dill, N.C. Dowdy, A.R. Hicks, R.G. Morshedi, D.M. & L.E.L. Rasmussen. 2004. Elephant chemotactile communication and conservation. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association (JEMA) 15: 16-23.

Schulte, B. 1998. The benefits of behavioral research to elephants and people. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 9(3): 216-221.

Schulte, B. & B. Rasmussen. 1996. Conservation and management of elephants: a symposium. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 12-14.

Rasmussen, B. & B. Schulte. 1996. A medley of chemical signals. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7(1): 61-64.

Papers presented (1997 - August 2007) (return to top)

Animal Behavior Society, Burlington, Vermont (July 2007)

Schulte, B.A. Reducing human-elephant conflict through an understanding of elephant behavior. Symposium on Conservation Behavior: From Implications to Applications.

Society for Conservation Biology, Port Elizabeth, South Africa (July 2007)

Esposito, R.M.M., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. Chemical communication in family group interactions of African elephants (Loxodonta africana).

National American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago (March 2007)

Chen, C.J., Jackson, S.R., Weddell, M.E., Goodwin, T.E., Drea, C.M. & Schulte, B.A. Use of automated SPDE/GC-MS, novel macros, and pattern recognition techniques in a search for African elephant urinary pheromones.

Jackson, S.R., Weddell, M.E., Chen, C.J., Goodwin, T.E., Christ, I.X., Chokshi, K.X. & Schulte, B.A. Implementation of a new extraction cooler for analysis of volatiles in African elephant urine headspace (and other samples) via automated SPDE/GC-MS: a search for pheromones.

Elephant Managers Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico (October 2006)

Meyer, J., Schulte, B.A., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. Sexual dimorphism in the development of young African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Addo Elephant National Park South Africa. [MSc student and Collaborators]

Meyer, J., Schulte, B.A., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. Intrasexual chemical communication and social responses of ex situ female African Elephants (Loxodonta africana). [MSc student and Collaborators]

Interagency Oceanaria Meeting, Homosassa Springs, FL (September 2006)

Berger, R., Larkin, I.L.V. & Schulte, B.A. Temporal habitat use of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at a natural water spring in relation to human activity. [Graduate student & Collaborator]

Animal Behavior Society, Snowbird, Utah (August 2006)

Berger,R., Larkin, I.L.V. & Schulte, B.A. Temporal habitat use of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at a natural water spring in relation to human activity [MSc student and Collaborator]

Napora, E., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. Comparison of chemosensory behaviors in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at a Tanzanian waterhole. [MSc student and Collaborators]

Schulte, B.A., Merte, C., Bagley, K., Loizi, H., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. Social dominance and reproductive success as hypotheses for chemosensory behavioral development in African elephants. [MSc students and Collaborators]

Vyas, D.K., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. Sexually dimorphic developmental patterns of chemosensory behaviors in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). [MSc student and Collaborators]

Chemical Signals in Vertebrates XI, Chester, England (July 2006)

Schulte, B.A., Bagley, K., Loizi, H., Merte, C., Meyer, J., Napora, E., Vyas, D., Goodwin, T.E. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. Age, sex and population comparisons of chemosensory behaviors in African elephants. [MSc students and Collaborators]

Goodwin, T.E., Brown, P., Eggert, M. Evola, M., House, S., Morshedi, G., Weddell, M., Aubut, Y., Eggert, J., Schulte, B.A. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. Use of automated solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE)/GC-MS and novel macros in the search for African elephant pheromones. [Undergraduate students and Collaborators]

Elephant Managers Association, Portland, OR (October 2005)

Freeman, E.W., B.A. Schulte, & J.L. Brown.. Response of female African elephants to bull urine and its relationship to dominance status and ovarian inactivity. [Collaborators]

Interagency Oceanaria Meeting, Orlando, FL (September 2005)

Berger, R., B.A. Schulte, & I. Larkin. Florida manatee habitat use and behavior in King's Bay, Crystal River [Graduate student & Collaborator]

International Society of Chemical Ecology, Washington, D.C. (July 2005)

Schulte, B.A., K. Bagley, H. Loizi, C. Merte, D. Vyas, T.E. Goodwin & L.E.L. Rasmussen. Pheromones and chemosensory investigative behavior by African elephants [Graduate students & Collaborators]

Zoological Society of Southern Africa, Grahamstown, South Africa (July 2005)

Merte, C., T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Age and sex comparisons of chemosensory investigative behavior by African elephants. [Graduate students & Collaborators]

National American Chemical Society Meeting, San Diego (March 2005)

Brown, P.A., M.S. Eggert, M.G. Evola, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Use of SPME, reverse phase SPE, and GC-MS in a search for African elephant urinary pheromones. [Undergraduate students & Collaborators]

Eggert, M.S., P.A. Brown, M.G. Evola, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Comparison of different SPME fibers for the GC-MS analysis of trace organics in a biological matrix (urine). [Undergraduate students & Collaborators]

International Elephant Research Symposium. Fort Worth, TX (December 2004)

Schulte, B.A., T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen, K. Bagley & H. Loizi. The development of trunk tip behaviors and chemical signal detection in African elephants. [Graduate students & Collaborators]

Elephant Managers Association, 25th annual meeting (October 2004)

Schulte, B.A., T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen, K. Bagley & H. Loizi. Investigating chemical communication in African elephants: melding captive and wild elephant studies. [Graduate students & Collaborators]

Elephant Management and Owners Association 10th annual meeting (September 2004)

Schulte, B.A., T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen, K. Bagley, H. Loizi, C. Merte, A. Whitehouse, G. Kerley, & S. Riddle. The development of chemical communication in African elephants and applications for management. [Graduate students & Collaborators]

Animal Behavior Society, Oaxaca, Mexico (June 2004)

Schulte, B.A., T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen, K. Bagley & H. Loizi. Chemical signal detection and chemosensory development in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) . [Graduate students & Collaborators]

International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Galveston, TX (April 2004)

Iske L. V. Larkin, I.L.V, C. Horikoshi, J. Warnke, T.S. Gross, B.A. Schulte & R.L. Reep. Monitoring hormones and behavior in female Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). [Graduate students & Collaborators]

Student Affiliates Symposium at the National American Chemical Society Meeting, Anaheim, CA (March 2004)

Morshedi, G.G., P.A. Brown, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Heterocycles (and other compounds) that we have identified in African elephant urine: a search for putative pheromones. [Undergraduate Students & Collaborators]

Brown, P.A., R.G. Morshedi, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. SPME/GC-MS methodology for chemical analysis of preovulatory female African elephant urine: a search for putative pheromones. [Undergraduate Students& Collaborators]

Satterfield, G.L., R.G. Morshedi, R.A. Kopper, T.E. Goodwin, C.F. Lichti, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Use of SDS PAGE, HPLC-MS/MS, and SPME, GC-MS to study female African elephant urinary proteins. [Undergraduate Students & Collaborators]

Georgia Academy of Sciences, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia (March 2004)

Bagley, K., L. Stanley, T.E. Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen & B.A. Schulte. Male African elephant assessment of conspecific female urine and development of chemo-tactile behaviors. [Graduate & undergraduate students & Collaborators]

Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB), New Orleans, Louisiana (Jan 2004):

Gray, A., Loizi, H., Correll, M., Goodwin, T.E., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. Social group association patterns by young male and female African elephants. [Undergraduate student presenter]

15th Biennial Conference, Biology of Marine Mammals, Greensboro, NC (December 2003):

Schulte, B.A. & J.S.Young. Captive Manatee Activity and Social Behavior: Considerations for Rehabilitation. [Graduate student, completed]

Horikoshi, C., I. Larkin & B.A. Schulte. Estrous cycle and behavior of the female Florida manatee. [Graduate student & Collaborator]

International Elephant Research Symposium, Colombo, Sri Lanka, September 18-21, 2003, Presented by the International Elephant Foundation and the Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust:

Helen Loizi, Maureen Correll, Amy Gray, Thomas Goodwin, L.E.L. Rasmussen and Bruce A. Schulte. The Development of Sexually Dimorphic Chemotactile Behavior in African Elephants.

Chemical Signals in Vertebrates X, Corvallis, Oregon, July 29-August 1, 2003:

Schulte, B.A., Kathryn Bagley, Maureen Correll, Amy Gray, Sarah M. Heineman, Helen Loizi, Michelle Malament, Nancy L. Scott, Barbara E. Slade, Lauren Stanley, Thomas E. Goodwin, and L.E.L. Rasmussen. Assessing chemical communication in elephants.

International Elephant Research Symposium, Orlando, Florida November 22-24, 2002:

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E., Loizi, H. Harralson, S. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2002. Estrous State Dynamics in Communication by Captive Female Asian Elephants.
Loizi, H., Goodwin, T., Rasmussen, L.E.L. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. Search for the African Elephant Estrous Pheromone: Communication and Conservation.

Animal Behavior Society, Indiana University, July.

Young, J.S. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. A comparison of Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) activity and social interactions in different captive environments.

Florida Marine Mammal Health Conference, Gainesville, FL (April)

Young, J.S. & Schulte, B.A. 2002. A comparison of manatee behavior in different captive environments.

Zoos and Aquariums: Committing to Conservation Conference, Cocoa Beach, FL (Nov):

Schulte, B.A. & Young, J. 2001. Social and foraging behavior of captive and wild Florida manatees.
Schulte, B.A. & Loizi, H. 2001. Understanding elephant demographics and behavior as an aid to resolving elephant-human conflicts.

International Elephant and Rhinoceros Research Symposium, Vienna, Austria (June):

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E. And Rasmussen, L.E.L. 2001. The trunk and tail of elephant communication: studies on captive Asian elephants.
Schulte, B.A. 2001. Examining ideas on the evolution of musth.
Bane, K. & Schulte, B.A. 2001. Object manipulation in captive Asian elephants.

Eighth International Theriological (Mammal) Congress, Sun City, South Africa, invited speaker to two symposia, the first on chemical signals and the second on elephant biology (Aug):

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B.E. and Rasmussen, L.E.L 2001. Estrous state influences on behavior in female Asian elephants.
Schulte, B.A. 2001. Proboscidean musth: has sexual selection created a unique rut?

Georgia Academy of Sciences, Brunswick, GA.

Young, J. and Schulte, B.A. 2001. Activity levels over feeding periods by captive Florida manatees.

Animal Behavior Society, Morehouse College, GA.

Schulte, B.A., Lambert, R., Feldman, E., Oliver, R. & Hess, D.L. 2000. Influence of status and time outside on estrous cyclicity in captive elephants.

Society for Conservation Biology, Univ. MT, Missoula.

Schulte, B.A. & Müller-Schwarze, D. 2000. Reversing extinction by reconciling coexistence with a habitat restorer.

Animal Behavior Society, Bucknell University, PA.

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Estrus influences on signal sending and assessment by Asian elephants.

Fourth International Elephant Research Symposium, Atlanta, GA.

Schulte, B.A., Slade, B., Lambert, R. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1999. Comparison of social interactions over estrus in captive African and Asian elephants.

Euro-American Mammal Congress, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Schulte, B.A. and Müller-Schwarze, D. 1998. Understanding North American beaver behavior as an aid to management.

Müller-Schwarze, D. and Schulte, B.A. 1998. Characteristics of a "climax" population of beaver (Castor canadensis).

Third International Elephant Research Symposium, Springfield, MO.

Schulte, B.A. and Feldman, E. 1998. African elephant behavior monitored by keepers and the relationship to progesterone levels.

Northeast Regional Animal Behavior Society Meeting, Woods Hole, MA.

Lambert, R. and Schulte, B.A. 1997. Feeding and social behavior in a group of captive female African elephants.

Schulte, B.A. 1997. Proximate and ultimate aspects of musth.

Second annual Elephant Research Symposium, Pittsburgh Zoo, Pittsburgh, PA.

Schulte, B.A., Burba, D., Feldman, E. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1997. Social behavior, movement, and feeding in a group of captive African elephants.

Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 8, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Schulte, B.A., and Rasmussen, L.E.L. 1997. Musth, testosterone and sexual selection.

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